diff --git a/llms.txt b/llms.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae3bb75 --- /dev/null +++ b/llms.txt @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +# German for English Speakers + +> A free, comprehensive online guide to German grammar for native English speakers. Organized into seven sections covering the basics through advanced topics, with reference tables. +> Source: https://germanforenglishspeakers.com + +## About + +- [About Us](about-us.md): Background on the site and its approach to teaching German grammar. +- [Links to Other Helpful Sites](links-to-other-free-online-resources.md): Curated links to other free German learning resources. +- [Non-German Keyboards](non-german-keyboards.md): How to type ä, ö, ü, ß and German quotation marks on Mac and Windows. + +## I. Basics + +- [The German Alphabet](basics/the-german-alphabet.md): Letters, pronunciation, and the special characters ä, ö, ü, ß. +- [Pronunciation: Consonants](basics/pronunciation-consonants.md): How German consonants differ from English. +- [Pronunciation: Vowels](basics/pronunciation-vowels.md): Long and short vowel sounds, including umlauts. +- [Loan Words in German](basics/loan-words.md): English and French words adopted into German. +- [Capitalization & Punctuation](basics/capitalization-and-punctuation.md): All nouns are capitalized; punctuation differences from English. +- [Sentence Structure & Word Order](basics/sentence-structure.md): Verb-second rule, subordinate clause word order, and more. + +## II. Nouns & Articles + +- [Case](nouns/case.md): The four German cases — nominative, accusative, dative, genitive — and what they do. +- [Gender & Plurals](nouns/gender-and-plurals.md): Masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns; the nine plural patterns. +- [Declension Tables](nouns/declension-tables.md): Full tables for definite and indefinite articles across all cases and genders. +- [More on the Genitive Case](nouns/more-on-the-genitive-case.md): Genitive constructions and the dative alternative. +- [Weak Nouns (the "N-Declension")](nouns/weak-nouns-the-n-declension.md): Masculine nouns that add -n/-en in all cases except nominative. +- [Some Rules of Noun Formation](nouns/some-rules-of-noun-formation.md): Suffixes that predict gender; compound nouns; common noun pairs. +- [Diminutive Endings](nouns/diminutive-endings.md): The -chen and -lein diminutive suffixes (always neuter). +- [How to Memorize Nouns](nouns/how-to-memorize-nouns.md): Strategies for learning gender and plural forms. +- [Reflexive Pronouns](nouns/reflexive-pronouns.md): Reflexive pronouns by case and person (cross-reference from pronouns section). +- [Adjective Declensions](nouns-articles/adjective-declensions.md): Full adjective declension tables (cross-reference from adjectives section). + +## III. Adjectives + +- [Adjective Declensions](adjectives/adjective-declensions.md): How adjectives take soft or hard endings depending on the article type. +- [Comparative & Superlative Forms](adjectives/comparative-and-superlative-forms.md): Forming comparatives (-er) and superlatives (am -sten), with irregular forms. + +## IV. Pronouns + +- [Personal & Possessive Pronouns](pronouns/personal-possessive-pronouns.md): Full pronoun tables — nominative, accusative, dative, genitive — including formal Sie. +- [Reflexive Pronouns](pronouns/reflexive-pronouns.md): Myself, yourself, etc. — accusative and dative forms by person. +- [Relative Pronouns](pronouns/relative-pronouns.md): Declining relative pronouns (der/die/das/die) with dative plural denen and genitive dessen/deren. +- [Interrogative Pronouns](pronouns/interrogative-pronouns.md): W-words (wer, was, wann, wie, wo, woher, wohin) and wo- compounds with prepositions. + +## V. Verbs + +- [Overview of Verb Types](verbs/verb-types.md): The five verb categories — auxiliary, modal, mixed, strong, weak — with examples. +- [Overview of Tenses & Moods](verbs/tenses-and-moods.md): All German tenses (Präsens through Futur II) and moods (Indikativ, Konjunktiv I/II, Imperativ) compared to English. +- [The Present & Preterite Tenses](verbs/present-and-simple-past.md): Full conjugation tables for weak, strong, mixed, modal, and auxiliary verbs in Präsens and Präteritum. +- [Past Participles](verbs/past-participles.md): How to form participles for all verb types; the -ieren verbs; mixed verb list. +- [The Perfect Tenses](verbs/perfect-tenses.md): Forming Perfekt and Plusquamperfekt with haben or sein; which verbs take sein. +- [Perfect vs. Preterite](verbs/perfect-vs-preterite.md): When to use Perfekt vs. Präteritum in speech and writing. +- [The Future Tenses (and Futuristic Present)](verbs/future-tenses.md): Futur I and II with werden; the futuristic present tense. +- [The Konjunktiv Moods](verbs/the-konjunktiv-moods.md): Konjunktiv I (reported speech) and Konjunktiv II (conditional) with full tables. +- [The Imperative Mood](verbs/the-imperative-mood.md): Commands in du, ihr, and Sie forms; sein irregular imperative; infinitive imperative. +- [The Passive Voice](verbs/the-passive-voice.md): All eight passive tenses using werden/sein with examples. +- [Prefix Verbs](verbs/prefix-verbs.md): Separable vs. inseparable prefixes; participle formation table for all verb types. +- [Reflexive Verbs](verbs/reflexive-verbs.md): Verbs that require reflexive pronouns; placement rules; body-part constructions. +- [Dative Verbs](verbs/dative-verbs.md): Verbs that take a dative object without an accusative object. +- [Present Participles & Gerunds](verbs/present-participles-and-gerunds.md): Present participle as adjective (-d suffix); gerund as noun (capitalized infinitive). +- [The Continuous/Progressive Aspect](verbs/the-continuous-and-progressive-aspects.md): Why German has no -ing forms and how to express ongoing actions. + +## VI. Prepositions + +- [Introduction to Prepositions](prepositions/introduction-to-prepositions.md): The key rule — every preposition governs a specific case. +- [Accusative Prepositions](prepositions/accusative-prepositions.md): bis, durch, für, gegen, ohne, um and others — with examples. +- [Dative Prepositions](prepositions/dative-prepositions.md): aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu and others — with examples. +- [Two-Way Prepositions](prepositions/two-way-prepositions.md): The nine Wechselpräpositionen (an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen) — accusative for motion, dative for location. +- [Genitive Prepositions](prepositions/genitive-prepositions.md): trotz, während, wegen, statt and many others — with dative alternative notes. +- [Contractions](prepositions/contractions.md): Standard preposition-article contractions (am, ins, zum, zur, etc.). + +## VII. Other Topics + +- [Adverbs](other/adverbs.md): No -ly suffix in German; -erweise construction; full reference tables of time, manner, and place adverbs. +- [Conjunctions](other/conjunctions.md): Coordinating conjunctions (verb stays in 2nd position) vs. subordinating conjunctions (verb moves to end). +- [Two-Part Conjunctions](other/two-part-conjunctions.md): entweder/oder, weder/noch, sowohl/als auch, je/desto, zwar/aber. +- [Modal Particles](other/modal-particles.md): Common spoken particles (doch, ja, mal, eben, halt, wohl, etc.) organized by emotional function. + +## Reference Materials + +- [Complete Declension Tables](reference/complete-declension-tables.md): All three article types (definite, indefinite/possessive, none) with adjective endings across all cases and genders. +- [Dative Verbs](reference/dative-verbs.md): Complete list of ~50 German dative verbs with English meanings and example sentences. +- [Strong Verbs](reference/strong-verbs.md): Alphabetical list of ~150 strong verbs — infinitive, present, past (Präteritum), participle, English. +- [Strong Verbs by Vowel Pattern](strong-verbs-by-vowel-pattern.md): Same verbs sorted into Type A (participle = infinitive), Type B (participle = past), Type C (all three differ). +- [Non-German Keyboards](reference/non-german-keyboards.md): Keyboard shortcuts for ä, ö, ü, ß and German quotation marks on Mac and Windows.