87 lines
7.7 KiB
Plaintext
87 lines
7.7 KiB
Plaintext
# German for English Speakers
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> A free, comprehensive online guide to German grammar for native English speakers. Organized into seven sections covering the basics through advanced topics, with reference tables.
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> Source: https://germanforenglishspeakers.com
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## About
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- [About Us](about-us.md): Background on the site and its approach to teaching German grammar.
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- [Links to Other Helpful Sites](links-to-other-free-online-resources.md): Curated links to other free German learning resources.
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- [Non-German Keyboards](non-german-keyboards.md): How to type ä, ö, ü, ß and German quotation marks on Mac and Windows.
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## I. Basics
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- [The German Alphabet](basics/the-german-alphabet.md): Letters, pronunciation, and the special characters ä, ö, ü, ß.
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- [Pronunciation: Consonants](basics/pronunciation-consonants.md): How German consonants differ from English.
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- [Pronunciation: Vowels](basics/pronunciation-vowels.md): Long and short vowel sounds, including umlauts.
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- [Loan Words in German](basics/loan-words.md): English and French words adopted into German.
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- [Capitalization & Punctuation](basics/capitalization-and-punctuation.md): All nouns are capitalized; punctuation differences from English.
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- [Sentence Structure & Word Order](basics/sentence-structure.md): Verb-second rule, subordinate clause word order, and more.
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## II. Nouns & Articles
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- [Case](nouns/case.md): The four German cases — nominative, accusative, dative, genitive — and what they do.
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- [Gender & Plurals](nouns/gender-and-plurals.md): Masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns; the nine plural patterns.
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- [Declension Tables](nouns/declension-tables.md): Full tables for definite and indefinite articles across all cases and genders.
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- [More on the Genitive Case](nouns/more-on-the-genitive-case.md): Genitive constructions and the dative alternative.
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- [Weak Nouns (the "N-Declension")](nouns/weak-nouns-the-n-declension.md): Masculine nouns that add -n/-en in all cases except nominative.
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- [Some Rules of Noun Formation](nouns/some-rules-of-noun-formation.md): Suffixes that predict gender; compound nouns; common noun pairs.
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- [Diminutive Endings](nouns/diminutive-endings.md): The -chen and -lein diminutive suffixes (always neuter).
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- [How to Memorize Nouns](nouns/how-to-memorize-nouns.md): Strategies for learning gender and plural forms.
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- [Reflexive Pronouns](nouns/reflexive-pronouns.md): Reflexive pronouns by case and person (cross-reference from pronouns section).
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- [Adjective Declensions](nouns-articles/adjective-declensions.md): Full adjective declension tables (cross-reference from adjectives section).
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## III. Adjectives
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- [Adjective Declensions](adjectives/adjective-declensions.md): How adjectives take soft or hard endings depending on the article type.
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- [Comparative & Superlative Forms](adjectives/comparative-and-superlative-forms.md): Forming comparatives (-er) and superlatives (am -sten), with irregular forms.
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## IV. Pronouns
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- [Personal & Possessive Pronouns](pronouns/personal-possessive-pronouns.md): Full pronoun tables — nominative, accusative, dative, genitive — including formal Sie.
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- [Reflexive Pronouns](pronouns/reflexive-pronouns.md): Myself, yourself, etc. — accusative and dative forms by person.
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- [Relative Pronouns](pronouns/relative-pronouns.md): Declining relative pronouns (der/die/das/die) with dative plural denen and genitive dessen/deren.
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- [Interrogative Pronouns](pronouns/interrogative-pronouns.md): W-words (wer, was, wann, wie, wo, woher, wohin) and wo- compounds with prepositions.
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## V. Verbs
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- [Overview of Verb Types](verbs/verb-types.md): The five verb categories — auxiliary, modal, mixed, strong, weak — with examples.
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- [Overview of Tenses & Moods](verbs/tenses-and-moods.md): All German tenses (Präsens through Futur II) and moods (Indikativ, Konjunktiv I/II, Imperativ) compared to English.
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- [The Present & Preterite Tenses](verbs/present-and-simple-past.md): Full conjugation tables for weak, strong, mixed, modal, and auxiliary verbs in Präsens and Präteritum.
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- [Past Participles](verbs/past-participles.md): How to form participles for all verb types; the -ieren verbs; mixed verb list.
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- [The Perfect Tenses](verbs/perfect-tenses.md): Forming Perfekt and Plusquamperfekt with haben or sein; which verbs take sein.
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- [Perfect vs. Preterite](verbs/perfect-vs-preterite.md): When to use Perfekt vs. Präteritum in speech and writing.
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- [The Future Tenses (and Futuristic Present)](verbs/future-tenses.md): Futur I and II with werden; the futuristic present tense.
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- [The Konjunktiv Moods](verbs/the-konjunktiv-moods.md): Konjunktiv I (reported speech) and Konjunktiv II (conditional) with full tables.
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- [The Imperative Mood](verbs/the-imperative-mood.md): Commands in du, ihr, and Sie forms; sein irregular imperative; infinitive imperative.
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- [The Passive Voice](verbs/the-passive-voice.md): All eight passive tenses using werden/sein with examples.
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- [Prefix Verbs](verbs/prefix-verbs.md): Separable vs. inseparable prefixes; participle formation table for all verb types.
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- [Reflexive Verbs](verbs/reflexive-verbs.md): Verbs that require reflexive pronouns; placement rules; body-part constructions.
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- [Dative Verbs](verbs/dative-verbs.md): Verbs that take a dative object without an accusative object.
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- [Present Participles & Gerunds](verbs/present-participles-and-gerunds.md): Present participle as adjective (-d suffix); gerund as noun (capitalized infinitive).
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- [The Continuous/Progressive Aspect](verbs/the-continuous-and-progressive-aspects.md): Why German has no -ing forms and how to express ongoing actions.
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## VI. Prepositions
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- [Introduction to Prepositions](prepositions/introduction-to-prepositions.md): The key rule — every preposition governs a specific case.
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- [Accusative Prepositions](prepositions/accusative-prepositions.md): bis, durch, für, gegen, ohne, um and others — with examples.
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- [Dative Prepositions](prepositions/dative-prepositions.md): aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu and others — with examples.
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- [Two-Way Prepositions](prepositions/two-way-prepositions.md): The nine Wechselpräpositionen (an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen) — accusative for motion, dative for location.
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- [Genitive Prepositions](prepositions/genitive-prepositions.md): trotz, während, wegen, statt and many others — with dative alternative notes.
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- [Contractions](prepositions/contractions.md): Standard preposition-article contractions (am, ins, zum, zur, etc.).
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## VII. Other Topics
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- [Adverbs](other/adverbs.md): No -ly suffix in German; -erweise construction; full reference tables of time, manner, and place adverbs.
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- [Conjunctions](other/conjunctions.md): Coordinating conjunctions (verb stays in 2nd position) vs. subordinating conjunctions (verb moves to end).
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- [Two-Part Conjunctions](other/two-part-conjunctions.md): entweder/oder, weder/noch, sowohl/als auch, je/desto, zwar/aber.
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- [Modal Particles](other/modal-particles.md): Common spoken particles (doch, ja, mal, eben, halt, wohl, etc.) organized by emotional function.
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## Reference Materials
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- [Complete Declension Tables](reference/complete-declension-tables.md): All three article types (definite, indefinite/possessive, none) with adjective endings across all cases and genders.
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- [Dative Verbs](reference/dative-verbs.md): Complete list of ~50 German dative verbs with English meanings and example sentences.
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- [Strong Verbs](reference/strong-verbs.md): Alphabetical list of ~150 strong verbs — infinitive, present, past (Präteritum), participle, English.
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- [Strong Verbs by Vowel Pattern](strong-verbs-by-vowel-pattern.md): Same verbs sorted into Type A (participle = infinitive), Type B (participle = past), Type C (all three differ).
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- [Non-German Keyboards](reference/non-german-keyboards.md): Keyboard shortcuts for ä, ö, ü, ß and German quotation marks on Mac and Windows.
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